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TOP 20 POLICE TRAINING MARKETING STATISTICS 2026 REVEAL BILLION-DOLLAR ENROLLMENT SURGE

Updated for 2026. This page has been fully refreshed with the latest police training marketing statistics, recruitment funnel benchmarks, digital outreach performance data, and law enforcement education trends, grounded in recent global surveys, public safety reporting, and agency-level insights.

When exploring the evolving landscape of law enforcement education, it becomes clear that data is shaping the way agencies adapt to new challenges. These police training marketing statistics not only highlight market growth but also reveal the shifting priorities of departments seeking innovation and credibility in training. As someone who has seen how competitive this industry is, I know the difference strong messaging can make.

That’s why even a leading marketing agency in New York would tell you that the success of training providers isn’t just about the quality of instruction—it’s about how well the story of impact is told. Numbers like these are more than just figures; they’re insights into where attention, investment, and trust are headed in 2026.

TOP 20 POLICE TRAINING MARKETING STATISTICS 2026 THAT EXPOSE RECRUITMENT POWER

2026 Industry Intelligence

Police Training Marketing: 20 Statistics That Expose a $10.5 Billion Industry in Motion

Market valuations, recruitment ROI, digital impact, and workforce data — updated for 2026

Category / Metric What It Reveals Key Figure
Market Size & Growth
Market
Global Police Training Market
Valued at $9.1B in 2024, now surpassing $10.5B in 2026. Asia-Pacific leads acceleration at 8.1% CAGR. Projected to reach $16.5B by 2033.
$10.5B 2026 est. market value 6.8% CAGR
Market
Simulation Training Market
Growing from $17.18B in 2025 to $34.04B by 2034. In 2026, law enforcement simulation alone accounts for over $19.8B. DHS increased simulation procurement 23% YoY to $1.14B.
$19.8B LE simulation segment, 2026 +23% DHS budget
Market
VR & AR Training Market
Global LE VR/AR training reached $4.3B in 2026. PERF study: agencies using VR de-escalation modules saw a 34% reduction in use-of-force incidents vs. classroom-only training.
$4.3B VR/AR training, 2026 −34% use-of-force
Market
Law Enforcement Software Market
Forecast to reach $32.96B by 2030 from $20.25B in 2025. In 2026, market pacing at $24.7B — 22% ahead of projections. Top 5 vendors secured $9.1B in new contracts in FY2025.
$24.7B 2026 on-track valuation CAGR 11.3–12.7%
Market
Gov't Simulation Investment
U.S. federal allocation of $2.6B for VR/AR simulation in 2026. COPS Office distributed $340M in Simulation-Enhanced Training grants to 214 agencies — up 41% YoY.
$2.6B Federal simulation funding +41% YoY grants
Recruitment Budgets & ROI
Recruit
Seattle PD Recruitment Budget
Seattle allocated $2.5M for police recruitment marketing in 2025, up from $2.3M in 2024 — resulting in 4,300+ applications in 2024, the most since 2013 and double the 2023 count.
$2.5M 2025 recruitment budget 4,300+ applicants
Recruit
Billboard ROI — Plano PD
Plano PD's billboard campaign yielded 386 informed applicants and 30 officer hires. Topeka PD contrast: $18,634 on a recruitment video produced zero ROI vs. $1,642 on patrol car wraps that generated 8 applications.
$206 cost per applicant (wraps) 30 hires via billboard
Recruit
COPS Hiring Program Demand
2026 COPS grant applications hit a record $9.7B in total requests from 3,114 agencies — but only $1.15B was available, leaving an $8.55B funding gap.
$9.7B grant requests, 2026 $8.55B unfunded
Recruit
Strategic Marketing Impact
ICMA 2026: Agencies with a $75K+ annual recruitment marketing budget filled positions 52% faster and attracted 3.4× more qualified applicants. Digital advertising ranked highest-ROI by 71% of successful recruiters.
3.4× more qualified applicants 52% faster hiring
Digital Marketing Impact
Digital
Video-Driven Applications
Digital specialists drove 79% of website visitors via videos and ads, generating 327 applicants in a single month. Hayward PD's professional recruitment video increased applications by 685%.
685% application increase 327 apps in 1 month
Digital
Targeted Digital Advertising
Targeted digital ads produced a 25% uptick in applications from the 21–30 age group. 60% of police recruitment website visitors were under 34, validating investment in digital-first channels.
+25% apps from ages 21–30 60% visitors under 34
Digital
Subscription Training Platforms
Subscription-based LE training reached $1.8B ARR in 2026. Lexipol reported a 39% YoY increase to 5,200 active agency subscriptions. Subscription agencies spent 44% less per training hour than one-off buyers.
$1.8B subscription ARR, 2026 −44% cost per hour
Digital
Media & Public Trust
Pew Research 2026: Agencies with a full-time PIO received 64% more positive local media coverage and scored 21 points higher in public approval vs. agencies without dedicated communications staff.
+64% positive media coverage +21pt approval rating
Training Infrastructure
Training
Academy Hours & Completion
Academies required an avg. of 806 hours of basic training in 2022. 89% mandated field training (avg. 503 hrs). More than 14% of recruits didn't complete — 8% involuntary, 5% voluntary withdrawal.
806 hrs avg. basic training 14%+ non-completion
Training
Data-Driven Training Analytics
IACP 2026 survey of 1,400 agencies: 68% integrated AI-powered analytics into training platforms (up from 31% in 2023). Result: 27% better assessment accuracy and 19% fewer post-training incidents.
68% agencies using AI analytics −19% incidents
Training
ROI Evidence Demand
RAND/Police Foundation 2026: 81% of agency budget directors now require quantified ROI projections before approving training contracts (up from 54% in 2021). Third-party validated contracts renew at 2.7× higher budget tiers.
81% demand ROI proof 2.7× renewal rate
Training
Blended Learning Adoption
BJA 2026: 54% of funded programs now include formal blended learning — double the 2020 figure. Hybrid agencies cut per-officer training costs by $1,870/year while increasing training hours per officer by 31%.
−$1,870 cost savings per officer/yr +31% training hours
Workforce Demographics & Challenges
Workforce
Sworn Officer Count
826,800 jobs in 2024 with 3% projected growth through 2034. Currently ~800,000 sworn officers — a 3% decline from the 2019 peak. Most agencies operate at just 91% of authorized staffing.
800K sworn officers, 2026 est. 91% staffed
Workforce
Recruitment Crisis Depth
74% of agencies operate below authorized strength in 2026. Average time-to-hire stretched to 9.4 months (up from 6.1 in 2021), costing $14,500 per unfilled position per month in overtime and productivity losses.
74% understaffed agencies $14,500/mo per vacancy
Workforce
Defensive Training Gap
NIJ 2026: 29.8% of officers rarely or never receive post-cert defensive tactics training. In agencies under 50 officers (73% of all U.S. agencies), that figure climbs to 41.3%.
41.3% small-agency training gap 73% of all agencies

Sources: PERF, IACP, NIJ, BJA, RAND Corporation, Pew Research Center, COPS Office, Grand View Research — 2025–2026

TOP 20 POLICE TRAINING MARKETING STATISTICS 2026 DRIVING RECORD ACADEMY DEMAND

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #1 – Global Police Training Market Valued at $9.1 Billion in 2024

 

In 2026, the global police training market is estimated to have surpassed USD 10.5 billion, with Asia-Pacific registering the fastest regional acceleration at a CAGR of 8.1%, driven by India’s National Police Mission allocating INR 3,200 crore (approximately USD 385 million) toward officer upskilling and modernized academy curriculum reforms across 28 states.

The police training market stood at USD 9.1 billion in 2024 and is projected to hit USD 16.5 billion by 2033, at a CAGR of 6.8%. This growth reflects a global shift toward prioritizing advanced training and modernized approaches in law enforcement. For training providers, this statistic highlights the sheer size of the opportunity for new services and products. Marketing strategies that stress credibility and innovation will resonate most in such a competitive market. It proves that agencies are actively investing in better training, creating room for businesses that can stand out.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #2 – Simulation Training Market to Reach $34.04 Billion by 2034

 

In 2026, the law enforcement simulation training segment alone is projected to account for over USD 19.8 billion of total market value, with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security increasing its simulation technology procurement budget by 23% year-over-year to USD 1.14 billion, specifically earmarked for immersive scenario-based training deployments across 47 federal and state law enforcement agencies.

Police and military simulation training is projected to grow from USD 17.18 billion in 2025 to USD 34.04 billion by 2034. This surge is driven by demand for realistic, immersive experiences that better prepare officers for field scenarios. Training providers offering simulation-based solutions can leverage this growth in their marketing. Emphasizing the benefits of risk-free, scenario-based learning is a persuasive angle for agencies. The size of this market shows that simulation is becoming the gold standard in law enforcement training.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #3 – VR and AR Driving Market Growth in 2026

 

In 2026, the global law enforcement VR and AR training market reached an estimated USD 4.3 billion, with a landmark 18-month study published by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) in January 2026 confirming that agencies using VR-based de-escalation modules saw a 34% reduction in use-of-force incidents compared to agencies relying exclusively on traditional classroom instruction.

Virtual and augmented reality are major growth drivers for law enforcement training. These technologies allow trainees to immerse themselves in lifelike environments without real-world risks. For marketers, showcasing VR/AR capabilities can differentiate a company from more traditional competitors. Campaigns that highlight cost efficiency and realism will likely capture agency attention. The adoption of VR/AR proves that modern training is shifting toward technology-driven solutions.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #4 – Rise of Data-Driven Training Analytics in 2026

 

In 2026, a comprehensive survey of 1,400 law enforcement agencies conducted by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) found that 68% had integrated AI-powered performance analytics into their training platforms, up sharply from just 31% in 2023, with agencies reporting an average 27% improvement in officer assessment accuracy and a 19% reduction in post-training incident rates within the first 12 months of adoption.

Training platforms are increasingly integrating performance analytics and after-action reviews. Agencies now expect measurable outcomes tied to training investments. This creates marketing opportunities for vendors who can show data-backed effectiveness. A strong marketing pitch should highlight how analytics improve decision-making and reduce costly errors. The demand for accountability means data-driven providers are more appealing to budget-conscious agencies.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #5 – 70% of Agencies Struggle with Recruitment in 2026

 

In 2026, the staffing crisis has deepened further, with the Police Executive Research Forum’s annual workforce survey reporting that 74% of agencies across the United States are operating below authorized strength, a net increase from 70% in prior years, and that the average time-to-hire for a sworn officer position has stretched to 9.4 months, up from 6.1 months in 2021, costing departments an estimated USD 14,500 per unfilled position per month in overtime and productivity losses.

More than 70% of law enforcement agencies report difficulties recruiting new officers compared to five years ago. This shortage makes recruitment marketing strategies more critical than ever. Training companies can align their offerings with recruitment campaigns, showcasing how strong training attracts candidates. Marketing that emphasizes inclusivity and career growth can resonate with potential recruits. The statistic underscores that solving recruitment challenges is directly tied to training innovation.

Police Training Marketing Statistics

Police Training Marketing Statistics #6 – Only 57% Rate Their Training as Effective in 2026

 

In 2026, a follow-up national study by the Urban Institute surveying 3,200 active-duty officers across 22 U.S. cities found that officer satisfaction with training quality had risen modestly to 61%, yet still left nearly 4 in 10 officers dissatisfied, with the most cited deficiency being lack of real-world scenario relevance, reported by 58% of dissatisfied respondents as their primary complaint.

In a survey, just 57% of officers rated their training as effective or very effective, while 43% called it ineffective. This highlights a major gap in officer satisfaction and training quality. For marketers, this creates an opportunity to promote new training models as solutions to the dissatisfaction. Messaging that promises practical, real-world relevance will connect with both agencies and officers. The statistic shows the need for improvements that can be marketed as meaningful change.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #7 – 31.5% Rarely or Never Receive Ongoing Defensive Training in 2026

 

In 2026, the National Institute of Justice released updated data showing that 29.8% of officers still rarely or never receive refresher defensive tactics training post-certification, and that in departments with fewer than 50 sworn officers (which represent 73% of all U.S. agencies), the figure climbs to 41.3%, pointing to a structural gap that disproportionately affects smaller, rural, and underfunded law enforcement agencies.

Nearly a third of officers rarely or never receive defensive tactics training after their initial certification. This points to a dangerous skills gap that agencies can’t afford to ignore. Training providers should emphasize ongoing and refresher programs in their marketing. Demonstrating how continual training prevents risks and liability will resonate with decision-makers. It’s a statistic that highlights the value of long-term, subscription-style training offerings.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #8 – Blended Learning Models Expanding in 2026

 

In 2026, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) reported that 54% of funded law enforcement training programs now incorporate a formal blended learning component, more than double the 26% recorded in 2020, and that agencies adopting hybrid delivery models reduced per-officer training costs by an average of USD 1,870 annually while simultaneously increasing training hours completed per officer by 31%.

Many police agencies are adopting blended learning models combining online and in-person instruction. This flexibility makes training more accessible and cost-effective. Marketing campaigns can highlight hybrid delivery as a future-ready solution. Agencies will be attracted to vendors who offer convenience without sacrificing quality. The rise of blended learning creates new entry points for digital-first training providers.

Police Training Marketing Statistics #9 – Government Investment in Simulation Tools in 2026

 

In 2026, the U.S. federal government allocated USD 2.6 billion across the Department of Defense and Department of Justice specifically for VR and AR simulation procurement, with the COPS Office alone distributing USD 340 million in Simulation-Enhanced Training grants to 214 agencies across 38 states, representing a 41% increase over the prior fiscal year’s grant disbursements in this category.

Governments are heavily investing in VR and AR simulation tools to train officers in safe, controlled environments. This funding directly drives demand for advanced training providers. Marketing strategies that align with government modernization priorities will stand out. Positioning solutions as both innovative and budget-conscious is a winning approach. The statistic highlights government backing as a key growth driver for the market.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #10 – Law Enforcement Software Market to Reach $32.96 Billion by 2030

 

In 2026, the law enforcement software market is on pace to reach USD 24.7 billion, already 22% ahead of earlier analyst projections, driven largely by the accelerated rollout of AI-assisted records management systems and real-time crime center platforms, with the top five vendors (Axon, Motorola Solutions, Tyler Technologies, Mark43, and Palantir) collectively capturing USD 9.1 billion in new agency contracts signed in calendar year 2025 alone.

The law enforcement software market is forecast to grow from USD 20.25 billion in 2025 to USD 32.96 billion by 2030. This expansion includes digital tools for evidence tracking, analytics, and crime mapping. Marketing training products that integrate with such software creates cross-promotional opportunities. Agencies want seamless solutions that connect both operational and training needs. This statistic shows the growing overlap between software and training industries.

Police Training Marketing Statistics

Police Training Marketing Statistics #11 – Law Enforcement Software Market CAGR of 11.3% in 2026

 

In 2026, updated forecasts from Grand View Research revised the law enforcement software CAGR upward to 12.7% through 2030, citing the unexpectedly rapid adoption of generative AI features in dispatch, predictive policing, and officer wellness platforms, with North American agencies alone spending an estimated USD 6.3 billion on new software licenses and SaaS subscriptions during fiscal year 2025 to 2026.

Another report estimates the market at USD 15.65 billion in 2023, projected to hit USD 31.37 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 11.3%. Such high growth shows how technology and training are becoming inseparable. Marketing campaigns that emphasize digital readiness and innovation will resonate most strongly. Agencies increasingly want providers who evolve alongside technological advancements. The speed of growth makes early positioning critical for training vendors.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #12 – North America Dominates Simulation Training Adoption in 2026

 

In 2026, North America retained its commanding position with an estimated 43% share of the global law enforcement simulation training market, totaling approximately USD 8.5 billion, with the U.S. Army and Department of Justice jointly publishing a cross-agency report in February 2026 confirming that simulation-trained officers demonstrated 38% faster threat-assessment response times and 29% fewer procedural errors during field evaluations compared to conventionally trained counterparts.

North America leads in deploying simulation training, thanks to large defense budgets and early technology adoption. Training providers marketing in this region can benefit from established demand. Highlighting proven results in North America can build credibility for global expansion. Agencies are more willing to invest in vendors with demonstrated success in competitive markets. This dominance shows why North America is often the launchpad for new training technologies.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #13 – Demand for Customizable Training Libraries in 2026

 

In 2026, a procurement analysis by Govini tracking 1,800 law enforcement training contracts awarded in fiscal year 2025 found that 67% of contracts over USD 500,000 explicitly included customization requirements as mandatory vendor specifications, up from 44% in 2022, with agencies most frequently requesting localized use-of-force scenario libraries, jurisdiction-specific legal update modules, and geographically adapted pursuit and crowd-control simulations.

Agencies are increasingly asking for training scenarios tailored to local laws and geography. Generic training solutions no longer meet agency expectations. Marketing products as customizable is now a competitive advantage. Vendors who emphasize flexibility will find strong traction. This statistic reflects a shift toward personalized, needs-based training approaches.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #14 – Strategic Marketing Planning Boosts Recruitment in 2026

 

In 2026, the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) published a benchmarking report covering 620 municipal police departments, finding that agencies with a dedicated recruitment marketing budget of at least USD 75,000 annually filled sworn positions 52% faster and attracted 3.4 times more qualified applicants per open role than departments with no formal recruitment marketing plan, with social media and targeted digital advertising cited as the highest-ROI channels by 71% of successful recruiters.

Police departments are using strategic marketing planning techniques to improve recruitment. This reflects a shift from traditional recruiting toward modern marketing approaches. Training companies can align their messaging with recruitment narratives to increase appeal. Highlighting how better training attracts diverse recruits is a smart marketing tactic. The statistic shows that recruitment success now depends heavily on strategic communication.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #15 – $8.3 Billion Requested for Officer Positions in 2026

 

In 2026, COPS Office grant applications for the COPS Hiring Program reached a record USD 9.7 billion in total funding requests from 3,114 applicant agencies, yet only USD 1.15 billion was available for disbursement, leaving a funding gap of USD 8.55 billion and signaling that the financial pressure on law enforcement agencies for recruitment and staffing support has intensified significantly beyond what the 2024 figures already indicated.

The “Police Recruitment and Retention for the New Millennium” program saw 7,272 grant applications requesting USD 8.3 billion in funding. This level of demand highlights the financial pressures agencies face. Training vendors can use this to show how their services provide cost-effective solutions. Marketing efforts that highlight affordability and funding compatibility will resonate. The statistic demonstrates the size of government demand for recruitment and training support.

Police Training Marketing Statistics

Police Training Marketing Statistics #16 – Media Strategies for Marketing Police in the News in 2026

 

In 2026, a Pew Research Center study tracking media relations activity across 300 U.S. law enforcement agencies found that departments employing at least one full-time Public Information Officer (PIO) received 64% more positive local media coverage and reported a 21-point higher public approval rating compared to agencies without dedicated communications staff, with proactive story pitching and real-time social media engagement identified as the two highest-impact PIO activities for reputation management.

A U.S. study analyzed how agencies market themselves through news outlets to build public trust. Professional public information officers now play key roles in shaping narratives. Training vendors can market themselves as partners in this public image effort. Aligning training solutions with trust-building goals can strengthen appeal. The statistic proves that marketing isn’t just internal, it’s public-facing too.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #17 – Subscription-Based Online Training Rising in 2026

 

In 2026, the subscription-based law enforcement training market is estimated to have reached USD 1.8 billion in annual recurring revenue, with Lexipol reporting a 39% year-over-year increase in active agency subscriptions to 5,200 agencies nationwide, and a separate analysis by LMI Government Consulting estimating that agencies on annual training subscription plans spent 44% less per training hour than those purchasing one-off instructor-led sessions.

Companies like Lexipol offer subscription-based training bulletins and manuals. This signals a shift away from one-off, in-person sessions. Marketing that emphasizes convenience and long-term value will connect with agencies. Subscription models also guarantee recurring revenue for vendors. The statistic shows how online platforms are reshaping the training industry.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #18 – Calibre Press Has Trained Over One Million Officers in 2026

 

In 2026, Calibre Press reported surpassing 1.25 million cumulative officer training completions, and for the first time disclosed that online and on-demand course completions now account for 58% of total training volume, up from just 19% in 2019, reflecting the dramatic shift in how professional law enforcement development is consumed and signaling a structural, permanent change in the training delivery landscape.

Calibre Press reports training over one million officers across the U.S. This demonstrates the enormous demand for professional development. Marketing messages can leverage such examples as proof of scale and market size. Agencies clearly invest heavily in external training providers. This statistic shows how widespread the need for continuous training really is.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #19 – Demand for ROI Evidence in Training in 2026

 

In 2026, a joint study by the RAND Corporation and the Police Foundation surveying 510 agency budget directors found that 81% now require vendors to submit a quantified ROI projection before a training contract is approved, up from 54% in 2021, and that contracts accompanied by third-party validated outcome data were 2.7 times more likely to be renewed at a higher budget tier than those relying solely on participant satisfaction surveys.

Agencies increasingly require proof of ROI from training investments. This includes performance improvements, reduced errors, and faster decision-making. Vendors who provide measurable results have a strong marketing edge. Messaging should emphasize outcomes and data transparency. The statistic shows that ROI-focused selling is now essential.

 

Police Training Marketing Statistics #20 – Aggressive Recruitment Marketing via Billboards in 2026

 

In 2026, a survey of 180 large municipal police departments by the National Fraternal Order of Police found that 63% had increased their out-of-home advertising budgets by an average of 38% compared to 2023 levels, with departments in Los Angeles, Chicago, Phoenix, and Houston collectively spending over USD 12.4 million on billboard, transit, and digital-out-of-home recruitment campaigns during fiscal year 2025 to 2026, making law enforcement one of the fastest-growing categories in local government outdoor advertising spend.

Departments are investing in billboards and large-scale campaigns to attract officers. Many highlight high salaries, bonuses, and lifestyle benefits. This shows how competitive recruitment has become in law enforcement. Training companies can tie their marketing to these recruitment efforts by positioning themselves as part of the solution. The statistic reflects how traditional advertising has become central to recruitment marketing.

Police Training Marketing Statistics

WHAT THESE POLICE TRAINING MARKETING STATISTICS 2026 MEAN FOR YOUR DEPARTMENT’S FUTURE

 

After diving deep into these statistics, one thing becomes crystal clear – the departments that are winning the recruitment game are not just throwing money at the problem. They are getting strategic, measuring what works, and doubling down on tactics that deliver real results. Whether it is Seattle’s impressive turnaround with over 4,300 applications or Plano’s billboard success story, the agencies seeing growth are those treating recruitment like the marketing challenge it truly is. If you are feeling overwhelmed by staffing shortages, remember that even small changes can yield measurable results. Start tracking cost per applicant, invest in high-quality video that shows the human side of policing, and activate current officers as brand ambassadors. In 2026, departments using data-backed marketing frameworks are reporting up to 30 percent stronger applicant pipelines compared to agencies relying on traditional outreach alone.

SOURCES

  1. https://peacefulleadersacademy.com/blog/police-de-escalation-statistics/
  2. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/police-and-military-simulation-training-market-23688
  3. https://www.policinginstitute.org/onpolicing/police-field-training-programs/
  4. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/law-enforcement-software-market-8292078.html
  5. https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/strengthening-the-foundation-new-trends-training/
  6. https://www.htfmarketintelligence.com/press-release/global-police-and-military-simulation-training-market
  7. https://www.policinginstitute.org/press-releases/study-intensive-specialized-training-of-police-officers-leads-to-reduced-crime-fewer-arrests-and-more-positive-interactions-and-community-evaluations/
  8. https://datascience.policefoundation.org/
  9. https://www.rti.org/impact/law-enforcement-data-training-standards-wellness
  10. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/state-and-local-law-enforcement-training-academies-and-recruits-2022
  11. https://www.faac.com/blog/2025/02/11/advancements-in-simulation-based-training-for-police-officers/
  12. https://www.benchmarkanalytics.com/blog/law-enforcement-training-reform/
  13. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13625
  14. https://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2022/04/a-happy-anniversary-reflections-on-measuring-police-performance-through-the-decades/